object

"Our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding—one that goes beyond mere orientation." (#60 470)

"Understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substances allows us to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind." (#60 471)

"Once we can identify our experiences as entities or substances, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them—and, by this means, reason about them." (#60 472)

metonymy
front-back orientation
TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor

metonymy

"we are using one entity to refer to another that is related to it. This is a case of what we will call metonymy." (#60 660)

"Metaphor and metonymy are different kinds of processes. Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and its primary function is understanding. Metonymy, on the other hand, has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. But metonymy is not merely a referential device. It also serves the function of providing understanding." (#60 676)

"like metaphors, métonymie concepts structure not just our language but our thoughts, attitudes, and actions." (#60 750)

"In fact, the grounding of métonymie concepts is in general more obvious than is the case with metaphoric concepts, since it usually involves direct physical or causal associations. The part for whole metonymy, for example, emerges from our experiences with the way parts in general are related to wholes. producer for product is based on the causal (and typically physical) relationship between a producer and his product, the place for the event is grounded in our experience with the physical location of events. And so on." (#60 751)

synecdoche

"We are including as a special case of metonymy what traditional rhetoricians have called synecdoche, where the part stands for the whole" (#60 667)

Experience with physical objects provides the basis for metonymy

"Experience with physical objects provides the basis for metonymy." (#60 1095)

"Metonymie concepts emerge from correlations in our experience between two physical entities (e.g., PART FOR WHOLE, OBJECT FOR USER) or between a physical entity and something metaphorically conceptualized as a physical entity (e.g., THE PLACE FOR THE EVENT, THE INSTITUTION FOR THE PERSON RESPONSIBLE)." (#60 1095)

real-world objects standing for entities in the world as defined by the conceptual system of the religion

"Religious rituals are typically metaphorical kinds of activities, which usually involve metonymies—real-world objects standing for entities in the world as defined by the conceptual system of the religion." (#60 3895)

THE HOME STANDS FOR THE PERSON

"it is common in Los Angeles to engage in the ritual activity of driving by the homes of Hollywood stars. This is a metaphorical kind of activity based on the metonymy THE HOME STANDS FOR THE PERSON and the metaphor PHYSICAL CLOSENESS is PERSONAL CLOSENESS" (#60 3900)

In a metonymy, there is only one domain

"In a metonymy, there is only one domain: the immediate subject matter. There is only one mapping; typically the metonymic source maps to the metonymic target (the referent) so that one item in the domain can stand for the other." (#60 4312)

Metonymy and Metaphor

"(Metonymy) San Francisco is a half hour from Berkeley." (#60 4322)

"(Metaphor) Chanukah is close to Christmas." (#60 4328)

experiential correlations: experiential cooccurrence and experiential similarity

"Our general position is that conceptual metaphors are grounded in correlations within our experience. These experiential correlations may be of two types: experiential cooccurrence and experiential similarity. An example of experiential cooccurrence would be the MORE IS UP metaphor, more is up is grounded in the cooccurrence of two types of experiences: adding more of a substance and seeing the level of the substance rise. Here there is no experiential similarity at all. An example of experiential similarity is LIFE IS A GAMBLING GAME, where one experiences actions in life as gambles, and the possible consequences of those actions are perceived as winning or losing. Here the metaphor seems to be grounded in experiential similarity. When such a metaphor is extended, we may experience new similarities between life and gambling games." (#60 2680)

front-back orientation

"Moving objects generally receive a front-back orientation so that the front is in the direction of motion (or in the canonical direction of motion, so that a car backing up retains its front)." (#60 787)

TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor

"time in English is structured in terms of the TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor, with the future moving toward us" (#60 790)

"The proverb "Time flies" is an instance of the time is a moving object metaphor." (#60 794)

"By virtue of the TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor, time receives a front-back orientation facing in the direction of motion, just as any moving object would. Thus the future is facing toward us as it moves toward us" (#60 799)

"Since future times are facing toward us, the times following them are further in the future, and all future times follow the present. That is why the weeks to follow are the same as the weeks ahead of us." (#60 808)

"the time is a moving object metaphor, the front-back orientation given to time by virtue of its being a moving object, and the consistent application of words like follow, precede, and face when applied to time on the basis of the metaphor." (#60 811)

TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor

"time in English is structured in terms of the TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor, with the future moving toward us" (#60 790)

"The proverb "Time flies" is an instance of the time is a moving object metaphor." (#60 794)

TIME IS STATIONARY AND WE MOVE THROUGH IT metaphor

"TIME IS STATIONARY AND WE MOVE THROUGH IT" (#60 817)