ontological metaphors
"We use ontological metaphors to comprehend events, actions, activities, and states. Events and actions are conceptualized metaphorically as objects, activities as substances, states as containers." (#60 586)
object
"Our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding—one that goes beyond mere orientation." (#60 470)
"Understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substances allows us to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind." (#60 471)
"Once we can identify our experiences as entities or substances, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them—and, by this means, reason about them." (#60 472)
metonymy
"we are using one entity to refer to another that is related to it. This is a case of what we will call metonymy." (#60 660)
"Metaphor and metonymy are different kinds of processes. Metaphor is principally a way of conceiving of one thing in terms of another, and its primary function is understanding. Metonymy, on the other hand, has primarily a referential function, that is, it allows us to use one entity to stand for another. But metonymy is not merely a referential device. It also serves the function of providing understanding." (#60 676)
"like metaphors, métonymie concepts structure not just our language but our thoughts, attitudes, and actions." (#60 750)
"In fact, the grounding of métonymie concepts is in general more obvious than is the case with metaphoric concepts, since it usually involves direct physical or causal associations. The part for whole metonymy, for example, emerges from our experiences with the way parts in general are related to wholes. producer for product is based on the causal (and typically physical) relationship between a producer and his product, the place for the event is grounded in our experience with the physical location of events. And so on." (#60 751)
front-back orientation
"Moving objects generally receive a front-back orientation so that the front is in the direction of motion (or in the canonical direction of motion, so that a car backing up retains its front)." (#60 787)
TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor
"time in English is structured in terms of the TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor, with the future moving toward us" (#60 790)
"The proverb "Time flies" is an instance of the time is a moving object metaphor." (#60 794)
"By virtue of the TIME IS A MOVING OBJECT metaphor, time receives a front-back orientation facing in the direction of motion, just as any moving object would. Thus the future is facing toward us as it moves toward us" (#60 799)
"Since future times are facing toward us, the times following them are further in the future, and all future times follow the present. That is why the weeks to follow are the same as the weeks ahead of us." (#60 808)
"the time is a moving object metaphor, the front-back orientation given to time by virtue of its being a moving object, and the consistent application of words like follow, precede, and face when applied to time on the basis of the metaphor." (#60 811)
container
"We are physical beings, bounded and set off from the rest of the world by the surface of our skins, and we experience the rest of the world as outside us. Each of us is a container, with a bounding surface and an in-out orientation." (#60 559)
"activities are viewed as containers for the actions and other activities that make them up." (#60 609)
personification
"personification is a general category that covers a very wide range of metaphors, each picking out different aspects of a person or ways of looking at a person." (#60 647)
"Viewing something as abstract as inflation in human terms has an explanatory power of the only sort that makes sense to most people." (#60 649)